AC   MF_04080;
DC   Protein; auto
TR   HAMAP; MF_04080; -; 1; level=0
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Names: HIV_VPR
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ID   VPR
DE   RecName: Full=Protein Vpr;
DE   AltName: Full=R ORF protein;
DE   AltName: Full=Viral protein R;
GN   Name=vpr;
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CC   -!- FUNCTION: During virus entry, plays a role in the transport of the
CC       viral pre-integration (PIC) complex to the host nucleus. This function
CC       is crucial for viral infection of non-dividing macrophages. May act
CC       directly at the nuclear pore complex, by binding nucleoporins
CC       phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-repeat regions.
CC   -!- FUNCTION: During virus replication, may deplete host UNG protein, and
CC       incude G2-M cell cycle arrest. Acts by targeting specific host proteins
CC       for degradation by the 26S proteasome, through association with the
CC       cellular CUL4A-DDB1 E3 ligase complex by direct interaction with host
CC       VPRPB/DCAF-1. Cell cycle arrest reportedly occurs within hours of
CC       infection and is not blocked by antiviral agents, suggesting that it is
CC       initiated by the VPR carried into the virion. Additionally, VPR induces
CC       apoptosis in a cell cycle dependent manner suggesting that these two
CC       effects are mechanistically linked. Detected in the serum and
CC       cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patient, VPR may also induce cell death to
CC       bystander cells.
CC   -!- SUBUNIT: Homooligomer, may form homodimer. Interacts with p6-gag region
CC       of the Pr55 Gag precursor protein through a (Leu-X-X)4 motif near the
CC       C-terminus of the P6gag protein. Interacts with host UNG. May interact
CC       with host RAD23A/HHR23A. Interacts with host VPRBP/DCAF1, leading to
CC       hijack the CUL4A-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1/VPRBP complex, mediating
CC       ubiquitination of host proteins such as TERT and ZGPAT and arrest of
CC       the cell cycle in G2 phase.
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion. Host nucleus. Host extracellular space.
CC       Note=Incorporation into virion is dependent on p6 GAG sequences. Lacks
CC       a canonical nuclear localization signal, thus import into nucleus may
CC       function independently of the human importin pathway. Detected in high
CC       quantity in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patient.
CC   -!- PTM: Phosphorylated on several residues by host. These phosphorylations
CC       regulate VPR activity for the nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-
CC       integration complex.
CC   -!- MISCELLANEOUS: HIV-1 lineages are divided in three main groups, M (for
CC       Major), O (for Outlier), and N (for New, or Non-M, Non-O). The vast
CC       majority of strains found worldwide belong to the group M. Group O
CC       seems to be endemic to and largely confined to Cameroon and neighboring
CC       countries in West Central Africa, where these viruses represent a small
CC       minority of HIV-1 strains. The group N is represented by a limited
CC       number of isolates from Cameroonian persons. The group M is further
CC       subdivided in 9 clades or subtypes (A to D, F to H, J and K).
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HIV-1 VPR protein family.
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DR   Pfam; PF00522; VPR; 1; trigger=no
DR   PRINTS; PR00444; HIVVPRVPX; 1; trigger=no
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KW   Activator
KW   Apoptosis
KW   Cell cycle
KW   Host G2/M cell cycle arrest by virus
KW   Host nucleus
KW   Host-virus interaction
KW   Ion channel
KW   Ion transport
KW   Modulation of host cell cycle by virus
KW   Phosphoprotein
KW   Transcription
KW   Transcription regulation
KW   Transport
KW   Viral penetration into host nucleus
KW   Virion
KW   Virus entry into host cell
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GO   GO:0043655; C:host extracellular space
GO   GO:0042025; C:host cell nucleus
GO   GO:0044423; C:virion component
GO   GO:0000278; P:mitotic cell cycle
GO   GO:0019051; P:induction by virus of host apoptotic process
GO   GO:0051701; P:biological process involved in interaction with host
GO   GO:0006811; P:monoatomic ion transport
GO   GO:0051260; P:protein homooligomerization
GO   GO:0006355; P:regulation of DNA-templated transcription
GO   GO:0039592; P:perturbation by virus of G2/M transition of host mitotic cell cycle
GO   GO:0006351; P:DNA-templated transcription
GO   GO:0075732; P:viral penetration into host nucleus
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FT   From: VPR_HV1H2 (P69726)
FT   REGION          1..42
FT                   /note="Homooligomerization"
FT   MOD_RES         79
FT                   /note="Phosphoserine; by host"
FT   Condition: S
FT   MOD_RES         94
FT                   /note="Phosphoserine; by host"
FT   Condition: S
FT   MOD_RES         96
FT                   /note="Phosphoserine; by host"
FT   Condition: S
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Size: 78-100;
Related: None;
Template: P69726;
Scope:
 Viruses; Lentivirus
Fusion:
 Nter: None
 Cter: None
Duplicate: None
Plasmid: None
Comments: None
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# Revision 1.12 2023/07/28
//